Appeal - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Appeal s in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, one of the three main persuasive strategies as defined by Aristotle in his  Rhetoric: the appeal to logic (logos), the appeal to the emotions (pathos), and the appeal to the character (or perceived character) of the speaker (ethos). Also called a rhetorical appeal. More broadly, an appeal may be any persuasive strategy, especially one directed to the emotions, sense of humor, or cherished beliefs of an audience. Etymology From the Latin appellare, to entreat Examples and Observations Appeals are not the same as fallacies, which are simply faulty reasoning that may be used intentionally to deceive. Appeals can be part of a reasonable argumentative case. The potential for misuse, however, is present in all appeals . . .. Two of the most common appeals are those to the emotions and those to authority. (James A. Herrick, Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments. Strata, 2007)Advocates of capitalism are very apt to appeal to the sacred principles of liberty, which are embodied in one maxim: The fortunate must not be restrained in the exercise of tyranny over the unfortunate.  (Bertrand Russell, Freedom in Society. Skeptical Essays, 1928) The Appeal to Fear Fear appeals are one of the most common persuasive devices encountered by consumers today. In a class lecture at our university, a product manager at a telecommunications giant acknowledged that one of the firms most common sales techniques is to use fear, uncertainty, and doubtalso known as FUD . . .. Using FUD tactics also may be a component of propaganda campaigns where appeals are made to people to support various causes such as saying no to drugs or smoking.  (Charles U. Larson, Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility. Cengage, 2009) Sex Appeals in Advertising [L]ets take a quick look at texts that workor fail to workusing relatively simple appeals. The best examples come from advertising....An ad campaign for a certain toothpaste ... promised that the product would enhance  buyers sex appeal.The structure of this appeal is very simple and clear, but the direction of the appeal is anything but straightforward. The toothpaste company occupies the author position; the TV viewer, the audience position. The company has toothpaste to sell; viewers need to care for their teeth but are faced with many choices about which brand to buy... Product Z decides to bypass the whole health issue. It creates an appeal to an altogether different position of value: sex.It is fair  to ask  whether toothpaste has anything  to do with sex at all. On the one hand, it hardly seems sexy to think about cleaning food from between your teeth and polishing off plaque and coffee stains. On the other hand, sweet breath and  shiny teeth have traditionally been associated with physical beauty (at least in a Euro-American culture). Shiny, healthy teeth also suggest youth and prosperity.To capitalize (literally) on these associations, the toothpaste ads show lovely, young, prosperous-looking men and women whose gleaming teeth occupy the central focus of my television screen. Im looking at them, without the least hint of doubt that these people have sex appeal.The act of substituting a new position  of value for a more obvious one works like a metaphor... Instead of saying, Product Z promotes dental health, we can say, Product Z gives you sex appeal.(M. Jimmie Killingsworth,  Appeals in Modern Rhetoric: An Ordinary-Language Approach. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005)

How to Cite a Term Paper

How to Cite a Term Paper Term paper citing is what is expected from every term paper, which is turned in to your professor. The term paper needs to be well cited and referenced in order to ease the whole process of reading the term paper as well as to show the reader what parts of the term paper are exclusive, and what are borrowed from others intellectual property. Citation is a very important stage in the whole term paper writing process. The term paper needs to be cited according to specific rules and term paper citation guidelines. Citing a term paper is not always as clear as the definition of this term, as in some cases, students have big difficulties particularly with term paper citing besides everything else. Term paper citations problems are very common among students, and all students need to be explained properly how to prepare term paper citations. Moreover, professors need to spend more time on explaining students citing a term paper and help site a term paper in order to show students how it is supposed to be done. How to cite a term paper? Term paper citing is supposed to be written according to specific term paper citation tips and term paper citation guidelines. These manuals help you cite your term paper and get a good grade for your cited term paper, without deductions for plagiarism, improper citation, etc. There are various term paper citation styles, which you can cite with in your term paper. But unfortunately you are required to use a specific citation styles, asked by your professor. The most various term paper citation style is MLA and APA. These 2 styles major in every term paper, and if you want to be proficient in term paper citation – you better start using MLA and APA. There are various different citation style materials published over the internet. You can always open up a website and find the most detailed instructions of the Modern Language Association citation style, and successfully copy it to your term paper. In order to avoid ANY kinds of problems with your citation styles – ask your professor for significant details of the term paper citation style he prefers, how it differs from other term paper citation styles, and why is this citation style chosen in particular. Whenever you have an assignment of term paper citation – be sure to do term paper citation properly. It never harms to know more information beforehand, and afterwards – start citing your term paper.